“How excellent can a department/faculty/university be if its curriculum disseminates to students only a very minuscule, highly-selected, self-perpetuating, gender [in addition to race, sexuality, and disability]-biased representation of our collective knowledge about human beings and the world in which we live?”
(Sheinin, 1998, 103)
Marcia
I’d been following the US Supreme Court case on race-conscious admissions in colleges and universities because of concern about potential impacts here, and in particular on the universities that have specific pathways under development or in place for Indigenous and Black learners. These pathways seek to mitigate the impacts of colonization and racism that have created inequitable access to the opportunity to enter health professional education, that is, to lessen disadvantage. Thankfully there have been more people who support the further refinement and advancement of these pathways than those who don’t, but there are those who question it, who get together and write op-eds about how diversity is weakening medical education.
So when the Supreme Courts said the use of race-conscious admission practices was unconstitutional and had to end, I was concerned that this might give strength to those who oppose these equity-focused pathways. However, the American Medical Association made a strong statement around how the ruling has the potential to undermine important progress towards equity in admissions and ultimately equitable health care:
“Recently established AMA policy reinforces our stance that medical schools must continue to make progress toward enrolling talented and highly qualified medical students in racial and ethnic groups that have been traditionally underrepresented in medicine. Eliminating health inequity requires more commitment to, investment in and support for Black, Latinx and Native American and Indigenous communities, and LGBTQ+ people. Yet, today’s ruling undermines policy that was producing positive results and improving the health of our patients, as well as making all physicians better practitioners. This ruling is bad for health care, bad for medicine, and undermines the health of our nation.”
This is one situation where we need to continue the path we are on, recognizing the evidence base that supports this as necessary for eliminating racial health inequities.
Delia
The recent US Supreme Court ruling on Affirmative Action and race informed admissions offers an important point of entry for a conversation about equity in Canadian universities…
On the matter of equity – what’s race got to do with it?
In a word…. Everything…
We have over 30 years of evidence of the limited impact of federally legislated employment equity policies in Canadian post-secondary institutions. Out of the 4 groups identified by the government – Indigenous peoples, persons with disabilities, racialized minorities, and women – the greatest change occurred in the area of gender equity, with white abled women benefitting the most, resulting in the diversification of white folx, with little substantive structural change….
In addition, while Canadian universities make public statements and policies asserting their commitment to “equity, diversity, and inclusion,” they are governed by a leadership that remains predominantly white at all levels of administration, including deans, university chairs, and executive leadership.[1]
[1]https://www.thediversitygapcanada.com/diversity-gap-in-university-leadership.html
The gap between the academy and the community is increasing as the homogeneity of faculty stands in stark contrast to the ever-increasing diversity of the student bodies at these institutions and the changing composition of Canadian society.
Indigenous and racialized minorities constitute the youngest and fastest growing members of the population – they will soon comprise the racial majority in several of Canada’s major cities in the coming years. Yet, these young people will rarely, if ever, encounter faculty who are not white. Rather, they will continue to encounter universities across the nation that reproduce, rather than interrupt and transform, the exclusionary cultures of whiteness and racism that shape their experiences in so many ways.
Amid the nation’s increasing diversity, the predominance of whites in the academy simultaneously confirms white supremacy by reinforcing the belief that those who are there are effectively the top candidates for the job. Consequently, whites are readily understood as authorities, and they unquestionably believe themselves to be best suited for their respective professions. These patterned exclusions are significant precisely because it is white scholars and administrators who continue to make decisions about the relevance of race and the (in)significance of racism. As Queen’s university distinguished professor Dr. Audrey Kobayashi (2007) summarizes, the culture of whiteness is reflected in “the overwhelming power of white academicians which keeps the status quo in place in terms of the content and the standards of the university, in terms of research, in terms of who has access to positions.”
The underrepresentation of Indigenous, Black, and racialized minority faculty in Canadian universities has also placed an added weight of expectations, responsibilities, and burdens associated with addressing issues related to racial diversity and racial inequality. These forms of identity taxation, or racialized equity labour work, have become more onerous and more urgent owing to the perilous conditions borne of the pandemics of COVID 19 and systemic racism both in and outside of the academy.
Real talk: race consciousness has always a part of the organizational culture, institutional arrangements, and practices of Canadian universities…and beyond…
Predominantly white environments are racially structured environments – the assumption that race consciousness only enters the conversation when talking about Black, Indigenous, and racialized minority folx is one that renders whiteness the unmarked norm, the default category. We are all racialized – to only speak of so called ‘non-White’ people as raced ensures that racial hierarchies remain intact…
Nothing can be changed unless it is acknowledged…
We live in a present shaped by dispossession, genocide, enslavement, and settler colonialism…
Race is present whether or not it is named…
Achieving racial equity involves more than increasing racial diversity for appearances around the table, or in the pictures. Just as the fact of a racially diverse country does not signal the absence of racism, the presence of one or two Indigenous, Black, and/or racialized minority faculty or senior leaders does not signal racial equity, since it tells us nothing about Who we actually are, or how things are really being done.
Racial equity is about shifting the landscape and narrowing the gap between the community and the university. It is about disrupting and dismantling the university’s practice of white exclusivity and racial segregation that continues in plain sight, hidden behind the ostensibly objective criteria of “excellence,” “competence,” “best fit,” and “best qualified.” Racial equity is about shifting a pattern aptly identified by Dr. Malinda S. Smith, political scientist and the University of Calgary’s inaugural Vice Provost of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion, as “the social injustice of sameness.”
And for those who are thinking that employing racial equity will result in the university being full of unqualified faculty who come from racially underrepresented groups, the facts say otherwise. PhDs who are Indigenous, Black, or racialized minorities continue to have high unemployment rates in general. The data demonstrates that they have the qualifications, but they are un(der)employed.
…Racial equity matters…
Curricula reflect departmental cultures through allocation of teaching and research assistantships, the selection of courses. Curricula also socializes students to dominant social norms, values and ways of thinking and being. Consider that claims about “neutral” and “evidence-based health or medicine” do not take in to account how different skin disorders will present differently owing to an individual’s skin tone. A singular approach to health and well-being not only excludes, it enacts harm, sometimes with fatal consequences. Consequently, the absence of some subjects denies the existence of certain groups and/or gives the impression that one’s experience and history is not worthy of study.
The predominance of white faculty also means that there are few opportunities to provide Indigenous, Black, and racialized minority students with mentors, role models, and advisors.
What’s more, when these students do not see themselves reflected – and respected – in the curriculum they study or the professors they encounter, these exclusions reinforce notions of the inherent superiority of whites and the attendant inferiority of Indigenous, Black, and racialized minorities folx in ways that have psychological, embodied, symbolic, and material ramifications. Simply stated, the cultural identities of white students are affirmed at the same time as the cultural identities of Indigenous, Black and racialized minority students are marginalized, distorted, or rendered invisible.
I am mindful that the link between embodiment and knowledge production is neither simple or straightforward, but the lack of urgency over three decades demands that we consider the meaning and significance of the absence of certain bodies and the related absence of certain bodies of knowledge, since it is principally white scholars and administrators who make decisions about whether race matters, how it matters, and, in turn, if it matters at all.
Excellence flourishes in an environment that embraces the broadest range of people and reflects local communities. If we want racial equity, we must address racism.
As Archbishop Desmond Tutu stated: “If you are neutral in situations of
injustice, you have chosen the side of the oppressor.”
I leave you with the question: Whose side are you on?
Resources:
Ahmed, Sara. (2012). On being included: Racism and diversity in institutional life. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Bowden, Olivia. (2020 September 10). CBC. Canadian university students use Instagram to reveal racism on campuses. Available at https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-universities-racism-instagram-1.5716603.
Bray, Nancy. (2016). The diversity gap in university leadership. Academic Women’s Association, University of Alberta. Available at https://uofaawa.wordpress.com/awa-diversity-gap-campaign/the-diversity-gap-in-university-leadership/.
Canadian Association of University Teachers. (CAUT). (2018, April). Underrepresented and underpaid: Diversity & equity among Canada’s post-secondary education teachers. Ottawa, ON: CAUT. Available at https://www.caut.ca/sites/default/files/caut_equity_report_2018-04final.pdf.
Douglas, D. D. (2021). Access denied: Safe/guarding the university as white property. In S. Thobani (Ed.), Racial (In)Justice in the academy. Toronto, ON: Toronto University Press.
Gutiérrez y Muhs, G., Flores Niemann, Yolanda, González, Carmen G., & Harris, Angela P. (2012). Presumed incompetent: The intersections of race and class for women in academia. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press.
Hyslop, Katie. (2021, March 26). Canadian universities have a racism problem. The Tyee. Available at https://thetyee.ca/News/2021/03/26/Canadian-Universities-Racism-Problem/.
Khosla, Risha. (2021, October 1). The entrenched racism in Canadian universities. Spheres of Influence. Available at https://spheresofinfluence.ca/the-entrenched-racism-in-canadian-universities/.
Kobayashi, Audrey. (2007). “Making the visible count: Difference and embodied knowledge in the academy.” Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, May 26-June 2.
Seatter, Erin. (2016, December 13). Canadian universities failing at diversity: Study. Ricochetmedia.com. Available at https://ricochet.media/en/1588/canadian-universities-failing-at-diversity-study.
Tomlinson, Asha, Mayor, Lisa, & Baksh, Nazim. (2021, February 24). Being Black on campus: Why students, staff and faculty say universities are failing them. CBC. Available at https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/anti-black-racism-campus-university-1.5924548.